•Diagnosis: Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
•2% of thyroid malignancies, and 8% of thyroid cancer-related deaths
•25% of MTCs are hereditary, autosomal dominant germline gain-of-function mutation in RET proto-oncogene, indicating MEN2A or MEN2B.
•Hereditary isolated MTC, formerly known as familial MTC is a variant of MEN2A
•The etiology of sporadic MTC is unknown
•Recently, histologic grading scheme has been proposed: high-grade MTCs are defined as tumors with at least one of the following three features: mitotic count ≥5 per 2 mm2, Ki67 proliferation index ≥5%, and/or tumour necrosis
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